Java

This page is here to answer all things Java related to OpenEmbedded.

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State of support

Virtual machine and class library

Currently (September 2008) you will be able to build packages for your target system that use a many VMs and their class libraries. For a full J2SE environment on the target you can build JamVM and Cacao as the virtual machine and GNU Classpath as the class library.

For J2ME you can have the "Connected Device Configuration" (CDC) in either the "Foundation" or "Personal" profile using the GPLed PhoneME Advanced virtual machine. See below for details.

For J2ME's "Mobile Information Device Profile" (MIDP2.0) you can use MIDPath.

Support for OpenJDK (with Cacao as the runtime) and one day Hotspot is planned.

Java libraries

The number of available Java libraries is still small but can grow quickly as the necessary infrastructure is in place. Currently libraries such as dbus-java, kxml2, libmatthew, librxtx, sqlitejdbc, javasqlite, woodstox, xmlpull, SWT (3.4, Gtk+) are available.

For the Maemo platform's "hildon" environment special SWT packages are available which allow a better integration (i.e. hildon menus, hildon file chooser dialog).

PhoneME Advanced

PhoneME Advanced is provided in the 'Foundation' and 'Personal' profile through the recipes phoneme-advanced-foundation and (surprise!) phoneme-advanced-personal. The way the recipes are written both can be compiled and installed at the same time on the target device.

Note: At the moment the personal profile's AWT support relies on Qt3 which is heavily outdated. If possible you the foundation profile with SWT for the GUI or contribute to PhoneME to fix this. :)

When a PhoneME Advanced package is installed you will find the VM in $libdir_jvm (which is /usr/lib/jvm by default). The package provides a java-cdc symlink which is changeable through update-alternatives and a cvm-<profile name> symlink.

J2ME MIDP2.0

J2ME MIDP2.0 is supported through the MIDPath project. MIDPath provides the neccessary libraries (taken from PhoneME and/or the respective JSRs) and OpenEmbedded has direct support for a few devices (e.g. button mappings). Please note that while MIDPath can run most MIDP2.0 programs it is no official MIDP2.0 implementation.

MIDPath can be run on top of either PhoneME Advanced or JamVM/Cacao + GNU Classpath. If PhoneME is installed it is preferred

Toolchain

In order to build Java packages no virtual machine needs to be installed on the build machine. OpenEmbedded builds everything on its own.

Missing but planned to be included are popular Java build tools like Ant.

GNU Classpath Tools

Included in the package classpath-native are the tools 'gjar', 'gjavah', 'gjavap', 'gjarsigner' (and soon gjdoc). Those tools usually work without problems and should be fully compatible to the ones provided by OpenJDK.

OpenJDK language tools

OpenEmbedded supports the OpenJDK language tools consisting of 'sun-javac', 'javap', 'javah' and 'apt'. Put 'openjdk-langtools-native' to the dependencies of your recipe to use those binaries. Albeit the tools are from OpenJDK they run on Cacao/JamVM and GNU Classpath.

Note: openjdk-langtools-native is not a provider of 'virtual/javac-native' it only provides a 'sun-javac' binary. Refer to the virtual/javac-native discussion for details.

Configuring

In this section you learn about the things you can set up. In many OpenEmbedded-based distributions some or most of these decision may have already been made for you so there is no need to specify them. However in case you want to provide the Java support in your distribution you need to know which knobs are available.

Bootstrap process

As told in the toolchain support section the whole Java support in OpenEmbedded is self-hosting. This mean you do not need to have any bit of Java on your build machine as OpenEmbedded will build this itself.

This bootstrap process contains the following steps: At first jikes-native is compiled which is a Java 1.4-capable compiler that does not need a runtime or (strictly) a class library to work. With this compiler we compile the initial runtime (package virtual/java-initial).

virtual/java-initial is a preliminary runtime. This virtual package is currently provided by cacao-initial or jamvm-initial. After that ecj-initial is built. At that point we have a 1.5-capable compiler running on a Java 1.4 compatible VM.

The compiler is then used to build virtual/java-native and finally virtual/javac-native. The former virtual package is provided by either cacao-native or jamvm-native. The latter package is currently only provided through ecj-bootstrap-native. Having built these packages provides the OpenEmbedded build environment with a Java5-capable compiler and runtime. At that point we are ready to compile any other Java package.

Bootstrap virtual machine aka virtual/java-initial

The bootstrap virtual machine has the sole purpose of running ecj-initial (the bootstrap compiler) to compile a 1.5-capable runtime and library. The bootstrap VM runs on your build host and is therefore a -native package. Inside the native staging directory the VM provides a 'java-initial' executable.

As told above there are currently two packages that provide 'virtual/java-native'. Add

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-initial = "cacao-initial"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_cacao-initial = "0.98"

to your local or site configuration to choose the Cacao VM. This virtual machine has a JIT compiler and is generally faster but takes a bit longer to compile. Furthermore this VM is only tested to work correctly on X86 build hosts. If you chose Cacao there will also be a 'cacao-initial' binary in your native staging directory.

Note: There is a problem with Cacao 0.98 running on recent distributions where mmaping the zero page is not allowed. Chose jamvm-initial (see below) if you do not want to change the vm_mmap_min_adr restriction on your system.

In case Cacao is unsuitable for you add

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-initial = "jamvm-initial"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_jamvm-initial = "1.4.5"

to your configuration. JamVM is an interpreting Java virtual machine. Despite interpreting only it is very fast (implements many modern interpreter techniques) and compiles quickly. Furthermore it is known to work on X86 and PowerPC build hosts.

Note: Native versions of jamvm are unsupported on amd64/x86_64 hosts since OpenEmbedded lacks a native libffi.

Native virtual machine aka virtual/java-native

As for virtual/java-initial this virtual package provides a Java virtual machine which runs on your build host. Its purpose is to run any Java programs that are needed during your build process. The most prominent program that it is supposed to run is the compiler ECJ. The virtual/java-native package provides a 'java' binary inside the native staging directory. At the moment you can chose between two runtimes: Cacao and JamVM.

As for the general features it is the same as for java-initial. However for virtual/java-native later versions of the VMs are used so stability and platform support is better. For instance you can use cacao-native on PowerPC as well since the version of Cacao used properly supports it.

To chose Cacao add the following lines to your configuration:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-native = "cacao-native"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_cacao-native = "0.99.3"

Besides 'java' cacao-native install a 'cacao' binary into the native staging directory.

If you favor JamVM (or are having trouble with Cacao) use:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-native = "jamvm-native"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_jamvm-native = "1.5.1"

There will also be a 'jamvm' binary in native staging directory besides the 'java' one with jamvm-native.

Note: Native versions of jamvm are unsupported on amd64/x86_64 hosts since OpenEmbedded lacks a native libffi. If you desperately need jamvm on your platform consider installing the development package for libffi of your distro.

Native Java compiler aka virtual/javac-native

The virtual/javac-native package provides the 'javac' binary which is to be found within the native staging directory. This compiler is used to build all of the Java packages within OpenEmbedded.

There are two recipes which provide this functionality:

ecj-bootstrap-native uses the commandline variant of the Eclipse IDE's integrated compiler. In order to use that compiler add the following to your configuration:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/javac-native = "ecj-bootstrap-native"

The second option is OpenJDK's Java compiler which is the F/OSS variant of good old 'javac'. If you experience trouble with ecj you should try OpenJDK's Java compiler by setting the following in your configuration:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/javac-native = "openjdk-javac-native"

Note: OpenJDK's javac is actually build in the package openjdk-language-tools-native (provides a 'sun-javac' binary). The reason for this is to allow 'ecj-bootstrap-native' and 'openjdk-language-tools-native' to coexist in the staging dir.

ecj-bootstrap-native, ecj-initial and libecj-bootstrap

Since ecj-initial and ecj-bootstrap-native use the same jar file the compilation step for both packages is done through in the libecj-bootstrap recipe. Therefore in order to decide which ECJ version to use for compilation you need to set a version preference for that recipe:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_libecj-boostrap = "3.3"

ECJ 3.3 is recommended over the later releases as those seem to cause trouble.

Target virtual machine

Note: There used to be a virtual/java package. It turned out that by having this it prevented offering both J2SE-compatible VMs for the target device.

From a distributors point of view you can build the jamvm, cacao and phoneme recipes and provide them to your users. Those can then either install the packages directly by its name or rely on a chosing of the packaging.

At the moment Cacao and JamVM are supported runtimes. Cacao is ready for x86, PowerPC and ARM systems (others are untested and AVR32 is not suppported) and has a JIT compiler. JamVM can be used on x86, PowerPC, ARM and MIPS. PhoneME Advanced should support x86, PowerPC, ARM, MIPS and Sparc.

When installed all J2SE runtimes provide the 'java' executable (chosen through update-alternatives). PhoneME Advanced gives you a 'java-cdc' executable.

Runtime provider

Warning: When we talk of 'runtime provider' here this is meant in the OpenEmbedded sense (PROVIDES = build provides, RPROVIDES = runtime provides) The Cacao or JamVM packages are set to provide 'java2-runtime'. Packages which need a J2SE-capable VM should RDEPEND on this. By inheriting the 'java-library' class in your recipe this is done automatically.

PhoneME on the other hand is set to provide 'java-cdc-runtime'.

GNU Classpath for headless machines aka classpath-minimal

Through setting the provider for 'classpath' you can decide whether you build a full class library with support for AWT/Swing (having a gtk+ dependency) or a variant that works without that and is primarily meant for headless devices. It might also be handy if you decide not to use AWT/Swing and use SWT instead. To chose the minimal variant add this to your configuration:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_classpath = "classpath-minimal"

Otherwise you need to add this line:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_classpath = "classpath"

Currently the Angstrom distribution does not set a preference and you have to provide your own.

Information on specific libraries

swt3.4-gtk and swt3.4-gtk-hildon

Some effort has been done to integrate Gtk+-based SWT 3.4 into the Hildon environment (that is what Maemo provides). Distributions targeting Maemo should set the preferred provider for swt3.4-gtk like this:

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_swt3.4-gtk = "swt3.4-gtk-hildon"

Important: If you do not want the hildon variant it is best to declare

 PREFERRED_PROVIDER_swt3.4-gtk = "swt3.4-gtk"

as well. So bitbake will not chose the wrong one by accident (which would otherwise pull in all kinds of unwanted dependencies).

Caveats, known issues, hints, miscellaneous information

Version suggestions

Everyone and his dog knows that combining glibc 2.8, gcc 2.95 and Linux kernel 2.6.26 is not going to work. In the GNU Classpath realm we also have a set of versions that do not fit together. Here are some suggestions for your PREFERRED_VERSIONs. Stick to these if you are unsure. You can always find out which version are supposed to be compatible by reading the READMEs of the VMs.

jamvm-initial and classpath-initial

Use this and nothing else:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_jamvm-initial = "1.4.5"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_classpath-initial = "0.93"

cacao-initial and classpath-initial

Use this and nothing else:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_cacao-initial = "0.98"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_classpath-initial = "0.93"

jamvm[-native] and classpath[-native]

These are the latest releases and they seem to be stable. Highly recommended:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_jamvm-native = "1.5.1"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_classpath-native = "0.97.2"

The same goes for the target device:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_jamvm = "1.5.1"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_classpath = "0.97.2"

cacao[-native] and classpath[-native]

These are the latest releases and they seem to be stable. Highly recommended:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_cacao-native = "0.99.3"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_classpath-native = "0.97.2"

The same goes for the target device:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_cacao = "0.99.3"
 PREFERRED_VERSION_classpath = "0.97.2"

libecj-bootstrap

Troubles have been experienced when compiling with ecj 3.4. Therefore prefer 3.3:

 PREFERRED_VERSION_libecj-bootstrap = "3.3"

Extra binaries and symlinks

Since both Cacao and JamVM can be installed in staging you can use this and modify the 'java' or 'java-initial' symlink if you want to switch to a certain VM.

Debugging Cacao on the target

You need to debug the Cacao JVM on your target device using GDB and need some pointers on how to get started? Read this page from the Jalimo Wiki.

Future plans

Default Bytecode compliance level

Soon an option will be introduced to set the default bytecode compliance level. For any Java package that does not explicitly provide this level (not many do this) the one you set in your configuration will be used.

OpenJDK + Cacao

The flexibility of the Cacao runtime allows it to run it with OpenJDK's class library. This allows you to use the official class library and a JIT-capable runtime on an ARM device (as of today Hotspot has no JIT on ARM).

Since the middle of August 2008 OpenJDK + Cacao can be build and is included in the Debian armel sid repositories (package cacao-oj6-sdk). Xerxes Rånby is showing some webbapplets running using OpenJDK + CACAO on his blog: http://labb.zafena.se/?p=1

ant-native

Ant is an often used tool in the Java world. Even OpenJDK uses it. Unfortunately it is also a complex beast with many dependencies (many of which use Ant itself). Still there is work in progress to build and use it inside OpenEmbedded.

Preliminary work has been done in the Jalimo Subversion repository. There is an 'ant-native' recipe exists which actually works. :)

FAQ

This space is for *your* questions and those that appeared more often on the mailing list. Things will be added here by the Jalimo folk/OE-Java maintainers or by you asking a question.

Q: I do get all these editions, configurations and profiles that exist in the Java world wrong. Any pointer on this?

I found these articles in Wikipedia helpful to clarify the situation Java platform, Java ME.